Transactional, Transformational, Transcendental Leadership: Motivation Effectiveness and Measurement of Transcendental Leadership

Existent leadership theories, such transactional and transformational leadership, based on the assumption of stability and certainty, can’t effectively motive employee in the quickly changing environment. This paper suggests that transcendental leadership incorporates and extends existent leadership theories by providing the motives behind leaders’ practices, altruistic love, meanings, and spiritual survival. Transcendental leadership with high internal locus of control extrinsically, intrinsically, and transcendentally motivate employee and thus is more effective than transactional leadership and transformational leadership in motivating employee in the uncertain age. In addition, based on theories, this paper tests existing spiritual leadership scale and creates a new transcendental leadership scale.